吐哈盆地西部地区高蜡凝析油和轻质油的地球化学特征及成因分析

吐哈盆地西部地区中、新生界储层中广泛分布着轻质油和凝析油。这些原油具有低密度、低粘度、中等—高含蜡量的特点 ,含蜡量为 5 .5 %～ 2 2 .1% ,高分子量正构烷烃 (n C35～ n C87)含量较高 ,属中—高蜡轻质油或凝析油 ,其地球化学特征及成因机理既不同于常规的高蜡原油 ,又不同于一般意义上的凝析油。吐哈盆地中、新生界高蜡凝析油或轻质油主要来源于侏罗系湖相泥岩和煤系地层中泥岩或煤 ,其形成主要取决于烃源岩的有机显微组分和有机质演化程度。研究区侏罗系湖相泥岩和煤系地层泥岩或煤岩中有机显微组分均以镜质组和壳质组为主 ,壳质组中角质体和木栓质体含量较高 ,具备了既可形成凝析油 ,又可形成高蜡油的条件。由于镜质组与部分壳质组演化形成烃类化合物的活化能相当 ,因此又具备高蜡油与凝析油共生的地球化学条件     

Managing Soil Erosion Potential by Integrating Digital Elevation Models with the Southern China's Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation——A Case Study for the West Lake Scenic Spots Area of Hangzhou,China

In China,many scenic and tourism areas are suffering from the urbanization that results from physical development of tourism projects,leading to the removal of the vegetative cover,the creation of areas impermeable to water,in-stream modifications,and other problems. In this paper,the risk of soil erosion and its ecological risks in the West Lake Scenic Spots (WLSS) area were quantitatively evaluated by integrating the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with a digital elevation model (DEM) and geographical information system (GIS) software. The standard RUSLE factors were modified to account for local climatic and topographic characteristics reflected in the DEM maps,and for the soil types and vegetation cover types. An interface was created between the Arcinfo software and RUSLE so that the level of soil erosion and its ecological risk in the WLSS area could be mapped immediately once the model factors were defined for the area. The results from an analysis using the Arcinfo-RUSLE interface showed that the risk value in 93 % of the expanding western part of the WLSS area was moderate or more severe and the soil erosion risk in this area was thus large compared with that in the rest of the area. This paper mainly aimed to increase the awareness of the soil erosion risk in urbanizing areas and suggest that the local governments should consider the probable ecological risk resulting from soil erosion when enlarging and developing tourism areas.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气成藏动力学机制研究

应用油气成藏动力学方法,研究沁水盆地南部煤层气成藏动力学机制。通过热力场、应力场、地下水动力场的分析,认为本区具有良好的生烃条件和储集条件,晋城矿区南部,地下水流场为一种汇流区,这种地下水流场特征,导致煤层气在汇流区域得到富集,形成地下水和煤储层中流体的能量的积聚,这种能量的聚集是形成高压储层的基础和保证。同时,南部还是低地应力分布区,渗透率相对地高,因此南部煤层气富集,煤层气产能大,是煤层气勘探开发最有利地区。晋城矿区北部为单向流动的地下水动力场,使得在相同地质背景下的同一地区出现不同的煤层气成藏特征。     

Waveform inversion of weak vrancea (Romania) earthquakes

Summary The inversion of high-frequency seismograms is performed to retrieve source mechanisms, hypocentral depths and source time functions of two weak Vrancea earthquakes (M_L=3.3), one that occurred in the crust, the other in the lithospheric part of the mantle. The digital waveforms recorded by the local Romanian network are used. Synthetic seismograms are computed by the modal summation method, using the point source approximation, for horizontally layered anelastic media. For each source-to-station path a different structural model is adopted which represents the best 1-D approximation of the medium in this azimuth. Thus, lateral inhomogeneities are taken into account in a simplified way. The source is described by the full moment tensor, allowing both deviatoric and volumetric components to be resolved.Although the structural models are simplified for the range of epicentral distances (15<<<170 km) considered, we find that the fit between the synthetic and observed seismograms is satisfactory for frequencies less than a few Hz. The few P-wave polarities available are not sufficient to determine a reliable source mechanism by standard methods, while the waveform inversion allows us to retrieve source mechanisms that are stable with respect to different boundary conditions and in good agreement with the observed polarities. The source time function is the less stable inverted parameter, being the most influenced by the simplification of the structural models.     

Seismic monitoring of explosions: a method to extract information on the isotropic component of the seismic source

The design of a monitoring system for detecting explosions is a very topical problem, both for routine data processing at seismological observatories as well as for the monitoring of a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. In this framework it is desirable to have the possibility to quantify the presence of the isotropic component in the seismic source. For this purpose a method is presented, which is based on waveform inversion for the full moment tensor retrieval. The method inverts either full waveforms or separate seismic phases and returns the mechanism and time history of a point source. Moreover, it allows to redefine the hypocentral depth of the event and, in a simplistic way, to optimize the structural model as well. In order to model strong laterally heterogeneous structures, different pairs of structural models can be used for each source-receiver path. The source is decomposed into a volumetric part (V), representing an explosive or implosive component, and into a deviatoric part, containing both the double couple (DC) and the compensated linear vector dipole (CLVD) components. The method is applied to an area in central Switzerland and to the network of the Swiss Seismological Service. The events of interest include both earthquakes and explosions. Despite some modelling inadequacies of the source-time function, the explosions can be well identified with the inverted isotropic component in the source, as long as the number of stations used for the inversion is larger than three. The results of the inversion are better for large epicenter-station distances of the order of 40–90 km.     

Model for Quantitatively Estimating Marine Biogeographic Provinciality——A Case Study of the Permian Marine Biogeography Provincialism

The relationship between the number, position and orientation of lithosphericplates and marine biogeographic provinciality may be quantified since the spatial distribution oforganisms is primarily controlled by latitude-related temperature gradients and geographicalbarriers-two dynamic biogeographic determinants whose variation is closely related to thespatial disposition of continents and oceans. This paper modifies Schopf s (1976) model forquantitatively estimating shallow marine provinciality in recognition of latitude-related tem-perature gradients as the primary biogeographical factor. A test of the modified model againstmodern marine zoogeography reveals high consistency between them. Using this modified mod-el and the Permian palaeogeographical reconstruction maps of Scotese and McKerrow (1990),fifteen shallow benthic marine provinces are estimated to be Early and Late Permian in agerespectively. A comparison of the estimated Permian marine provinciality with previouslyrecognised empirical provincial patterns reveals a high degree of congruity, which may implythat there existed moderate to high latitudinal thermal gradients during the Permian, a levelprobably similar to that of the present world.     

利用陆面岩石中生成的宇生同位素重建冰川漂砾运动历史的尝试

冰川漂砾的形成年代通常难以直接测定，并且漂砾形成以后是否被再次搬运或者移动过，更是无法知道。本文研究发现，通过测试砾石不同部位的宇生同位素，不仅可以测定砾石形成的时代，而且可以确定砾石再次被搬运或者被翻转的年代，从而恢复砾石运动的历史。本文以石英中生成的宇生同位素^10Be，对青藏高原东南部海子山的冰川漂砾进行了探讨，结果表明该砾石形成于倒数第二次冰期(186～128ka BP之间)，在末次冰期中再次被冰川搬运，使之反转。该方法不局限于^10Be和冰川漂砾，也适用于其他陆面岩石中生成的宇生同位素以及其他成因的石块或者砾石。因此为探讨冰川作用、泥石流活动、重力崩塌等过程提供了一种重要的方法和技术途径。